In many biological and physical systems, feedback mechanisms depend on a set of thresholds associated with the state variables. Each feedback has a characteristic time scale. We suggest that ...

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and difference equations serve as complementary tools in the mathematical modelling of processes evolving in continuous and discrete time respectively. Together ...

Delay differential equations (DDEs) extend the classical framework of differential equations by incorporating terms that depend on past states, thus capturing the intrinsic time delays found in many ...