The electrocardiogram (ECG) remains a cornerstone in cardiovascular diagnostics, yet its clinical utility is often compromised by signal distortions introduced during acquisition. Contemporary ...

Atrial fibrillation occurs when action potentials fire very rapidly within the pulmonary veins or atrium in a chaotic manner. The result is a very fast atrial rate — about 400 to 600 beats per minute.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) steganography represents an emerging fusion of biomedical signal processing and cryptographic techniques aimed at safeguarding patients’ sensitive medical data. By embedding ...