Most coevolutionary theory has focused on cases in which the interaction rate between two species is governed by a single trait in each species 9 (but see refs 10–12). In nature, however, ...

Physically interacting proteins or parts of proteins are expected to evolve in a coordinated manner that preserves proper interactions. Such coevolution at the amino acid-sequence level is well ...

Figure 1. Spectrum of species interactions range from mutualistic to antagonistic. Mutualistic: plants and their pollinators, such as orchids and orchid bees. Both members benefit from the interaction ...

In this course we have mainly discussed evolution within species, and evolution leading to speciation. Evolution by natural selection is caused by the interaction of populations/species with their ...

1 Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States 2 Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States A long-standing problem in the study of ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Dr. Lance B. Eliot is a world-renowned AI scientist and consultant. In today’s column, I explore the emerging belief that humans ...

Two major goals in machine learning are the discovery and improvement of solutions to complex problems. In this paper, we argue that complexification, i.e. the incremental elaboration of solutions ...